一篇关于模型推理的详细对比与学习

1.Intro

通过一直对模型推理和计算加速的兴趣，这些年测试过了许多模型推理相关的框架和技术。有一些专有平台的如TI的TIDL/TIDLRT，有NXP平台的APEX，NVIDIA的TensorRT。除了在端上的还有例如寒武纪，华为晟腾这样的云计算数据中心芯片提供商的云加速推理方案。这些适用于专有平台的推理框架（或叫工具包），基于对芯片架构的了解，能够极大程度的针对特定算子做出性能极高的优化。

但是，这些专有平台的缺点也极为明显，由于没有大规模的测试和适配过一些日新月异的算子搭配和变革，在有些时候也会表现出一些功能或者性能的异常。由于本身的黑盒特性，当用户发现诸如此类的问题时，如果没有开发人员或FAE的协助，很难有效的解决相关问题。

所以一些纯开放或者半开放的框架诸如TVM，NCNN，ONNXruntime等也一定程度上丰富和拓展了用户的选择，使得一些资深人员可以基于一个纯白盒的方式去拓展。

抱着对这些技术强烈的好奇，我在学习TVM的过程中，想平行对比一下在同一个网络上这些普通推理框架的性能，同时也想测试一下针对自定义算子的开发易用性。这将是一篇长学习文档。我将逐步更新我的学习过程。

• 先展示下测试结果，再详细看之后的测试过程：

• Life of IRModule in TensorIR

• TensorIR interactive optimization flow

2.Pre-acknowledges from Internet about the different inference framework

1. TensorRT
   Performance: TensorRT is highly optimized for NVIDIA GPUs and typically offers the best performance in terms of latency and throughput. It takes advantage of low-level GPU optimizations, including precision calibration (FP16, INT8), kernel fusion, and layer optimization.
   Ease of Use: Requires model conversion from frameworks like PyTorch to ONNX and then to TensorRT. Some additional tuning and calibration might be needed for optimal performance.

2. ONNX Runtime
   Performance: ONNX Runtime provides good performance, especially when using the GPU execution provider. While it might not match TensorRT’s performance, it is quite efficient and easier to integrate with models already exported to ONNX.
   Ease of Use: Straightforward if you have an ONNX model. It supports various optimizations and execution providers, including NVIDIA GPUs.

3. TVM
   Performance: TVM can offer excellent performance by compiling models specifically optimized for the target hardware. Performance can be close to or even surpass TensorRT in some cases, depending on the level of optimization and tuning.
   Ease of Use: Requires more effort to tune and optimize. The process involves compiling the model specifically for the hardware, which can be complex and time-consuming.

4. PyTorch
   Performance: PyTorch is generally not as optimized for inference on GPUs compared to the other specialized inference engines. Performance can be improved with TorchScript and using the PyTorch native AMP (Automatic Mixed Precision) for FP16 operations.
   Ease of Use: Easiest to use if the model is already in PyTorch. Minimal code changes are needed to run the model in inference mode.
   Performance Comparison Summary

TensorRT: Typically offers the best performance on NVIDIA GPUs, especially with FP16/INT8 optimizations.

ONNX Runtime: Good performance and easier integration if you have an ONNX model.

TVM: Potentially very high performance but requires significant tuning and expertise.

PyTorch: Good for ease of use but generally not as fast as the others for GPU inference.

3. The Tests

3.1. Utils

Model: https://github.com/onnx/models/raw/b9a54e89508f101a1611cd64f4ef56b9cb62c7cf/vision/classification/resnet/model/resnet50-v2-7.onnx （we use a Resnet50v2 model，the input is 1 * 3 * 224 * 224，the output is 1 * 1000）

【附件】resnet50-v2-7.onnx.png

Input Data: https://s3.amazonaws.com/model-server/inputs/kitten.jpg (224 * 224 * 3(rgb))

【附件】kitten (1).jpg

Label: https://s3.amazonaws.com/onnx-model-zoo/synset.txt (class 1000)

3.2. OnnxRuntime

3.2.1. Float32(GPU, CPU)

import onnxruntime as ort
import numpy as np
import time
import timeit
from PIL import Image
# https://github.com/onnx/models/raw/b9a54e89508f101a1611cd64f4ef56b9cb62c7cf/vision/classification/resnet/model/resnet50-v2-7.onnx
model_path = "resnet50-v2-7.onnx"
# https://s3.amazonaws.com/model-server/inputs/kitten.jpg
img_path = 'kitten.jpg'
# Resize it to 224x224
resized_image = Image.open(img_path).resize((224, 224))
img_data = np.asarray(resized_image).astype("float32")
# Our input image is in HWC layout while ONNX expects CHW input, so convert the array
img_data = np.transpose(img_data, (2, 0, 1))
# Normalize according to the ImageNet input specification
imagenet_mean = np.array([0.485, 0.456, 0.406]).reshape((3, 1, 1))
imagenet_stddev = np.array([0.229, 0.224, 0.225]).reshape((3, 1, 1))
norm_img_data = (img_data / 255 - imagenet_mean) / imagenet_stddev
# Add the batch dimension, as we are expecting 4-dimensional input: NCHW.
input_data = np.expand_dims(norm_img_data, axis=0).astype("float32")
# timing_number should be bigger, if it is 10, no difference between cpu and gpu
timing_number = 200
timing_repeat = 10
# cpu execute time
def run_model_cpu(model_path, input_data):
    session_cpu = ort.InferenceSession(model_path, providers=['CPUExecutionProvider'])
    print("Available cpu providers: ", session_cpu.get_providers())
    input_name = session_cpu.get_inputs()[0].name
    cpu_result = (
        np.array(timeit.Timer(lambda: session_cpu.run(None, {input_name: input_data})).repeat(repeat=timing_repeat, number=timing_number)) / timing_number
    )
    cpu_result = {"mean": np.mean(cpu_result), "median": np.median(cpu_result), "std": np.std(cpu_result)}
    print("Onnxruntime_CPU_Float32: %s" % (cpu_result))
# gpu execute time
def run_model_gpu(model_path, input_data):
    try:
        session_gpu = ort.InferenceSession(model_path, providers=['CUDAExecutionProvider'])
        print("Available GPU providers: ", session_gpu.get_providers())
    except Exception as e:
        print("Error initializing GPU session: ", e)
        return
    input_name = session_gpu.get_inputs()[0].name
    gpu_result = (
        np.array(timeit.Timer(lambda: session_gpu.run(None, {input_name: input_data})).repeat(repeat=timing_repeat, number=timing_number)) / timing_number
    )
    gpu_result = {"mean": np.mean(gpu_result), "median": np.median(gpu_result), "std": np.std(gpu_result)}
    print("Onnxruntime_GPU_Float32: %s" % (gpu_result))
run_model_cpu(model_path, input_data)
run_model_gpu(model_path, input_data)

• Execution Result：

# CPU
class='n02123045 tabby, tabby cat' with probability=0.621104
class='n02123159 tiger cat' with probability=0.356378
class='n02124075 Egyptian cat' with probability=0.019712
class='n02129604 tiger, Panthera tigris' with probability=0.001215
class='n04040759 radiator' with probability=0.000262
# GPU
class='n02123045 tabby, tabby cat' with probability=0.621105
class='n02123159 tiger cat' with probability=0.356377
class='n02124075 Egyptian cat' with probability=0.019713
class='n02129604 tiger, Panthera tigris' with probability=0.001215
class='n04040759 radiator' with probability=0.000262
Available cpu providers:  ['CPUExecutionProvider']
Onnxruntime_CPU_Float32: {'mean': 0.009986212425981647, 'median': 0.009982698982494185, 'std': 1.576711878851109e-05}
Available GPU providers:  ['CUDAExecutionProvider', 'CPUExecutionProvider']
Onnxruntime_GPU_Float32: {'mean': 0.004069052441569511, 'median': 0.0037474105950968803, 'std': 0.0009607391846988234}

3.2.2. Int8(GPU, CPU)

After thorough performance analysis, we’ve observed that on CPUs, the application of INT8 quantization indeed yields significant performance improvements. This technique accelerates processing speed by reducing the data width required during model computations, all while maintaining the model’s accuracy.

Considering that the ResNet50 model is relatively small compared to other models, its performance on CPUs and GPUs exhibits no significant difference. This consistency in efficiency provides us with flexibility, allowing us to seamlessly switch between different hardware configurations without the concern of performance loss.

Further experiments have corroborated this finding. When testing the ResNet152 model with similar benchmarks, we also observed no discernible difference in inference speed between CPUs and GPUs. This suggests that for models of this size, the choice of hardware platform depends more on available resources and specific application scenarios rather than sheer performance considerations.

• Model Quant(Onnx Model Quant is only Available for int8)

from onnxruntime.quantization import quantize_dynamic, QuantType
help(QuantType)

• Quant the model from float32 to int8

import onnx
import onnxruntime as ort
import numpy as np
import timeit
from onnxruntime.quantization import quantize_dynamic, QuantType
# Define paths
model_fp32 = "resnet50-v2-7.onnx"
model_int8 = "resnet50-v2-7-int8.onnx"
img_path = 'kitten.jpg'
# Load and update the model to opset 11
model = onnx.load(model_fp32)
model_opset_version = model.opset_import[0].version
if model_opset_version < 11:
    print(f"The original model opset version is {model_opset_version}, updating to opset 11.")
    model = onnx.version_converter.convert_version(model, 11)
    onnx.save(model, "resnet50-v2-11.onnx")
    model_fp32 = "resnet50-v2-11.onnx"
# Quantize the model
quantized_model = quantize_dynamic(model_fp32, model_int8, weight_type=QuantType.QUInt8)
print(f"Quantized model saved to {model_int8}")

• Just Load the int8 model

model_path = "resnet50-v2-7-int8.onnx"

• Execution Result:

# CPU Resnet50
class='n02123045 tabby, tabby cat' with probability=0.657020
class='n02123159 tiger cat' with probability=0.316742
class='n02124075 Egyptian cat' with probability=0.023232
class='n02129604 tiger, Panthera tigris' with probability=0.001320
class='n04040759 radiator' with probability=0.000253
# GPU Resnet50
class='n02123045 tabby, tabby cat' with probability=0.647389
class='n02123159 tiger cat' with probability=0.325191
class='n02124075 Egyptian cat' with probability=0.024315
class='n02129604 tiger, Panthera tigris' with probability=0.001383
class='n04040759 radiator' with probability=0.000234
# CPU Resnet152
class='n02124075 Egyptian cat' with probability=0.618835
class='n02123045 tabby, tabby cat' with probability=0.089756
class='n04589890 window screen' with probability=0.055205
class='n04590129 window shade' with probability=0.054228
class='n02123159 tiger cat' with probability=0.041171
# GPU Resnet152
class='n02124075 Egyptian cat' with probability=0.616358
class='n02123045 tabby, tabby cat' with probability=0.091070
class='n04589890 window screen' with probability=0.055855
class='n04590129 window shade' with probability=0.054603
class='n02123159 tiger cat' with probability=0.042334
Available cpu providers:  ['CPUExecutionProvider']
Onnxruntime_CPU_Int8: {'mean': 0.011375669833010759, 'median': 0.011376627020072192, 'std': 1.180472312469979e-05}
Available GPU providers:  ['CUDAExecutionProvider', 'CPUExecutionProvider']
Onnxruntime_GPU_Int8: {'mean': 0.013842492688942002, 'median': 0.013839954254799523, 'std': 2.1459357287547657e-05}
Available cpu providers:  ['CPUExecutionProvider']
Onnxruntime_CPU_ResNet152_Int8: {'mean': 0.03108119218947832, 'median': 0.031068197362474168, 'std': 3.971259752378018e-05}
Available GPU providers:  ['CUDAExecutionProvider', 'CPUExecutionProvider']
Onnxruntime_GPU_ResNet152_Int8: {'mean': 0.03715013448652462, 'median': 0.03713770236005075, 'std': 3.551800251648068e-05}

3.3. Pytorch

3.3.1. Float32(GPU, CPU)

import numpy as np
import timeit
import torch
from torchvision import models, transforms
from PIL import Image
img_path = 'kitten.jpg'
resized_image = Image.open(img_path).resize((224, 224))
preprocess = transforms.Compose([
    transforms.ToTensor(),
    transforms.Normalize(mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406], std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225]),
])
input_tensor = preprocess(resized_image)
input_batch = input_tensor.unsqueeze(0)
model = models.resnet50(pretrained=True)
model.eval()
timing_number = 200
timing_repeat = 10
def run_model_cpu(model, input_batch):
    model.to('cpu')
    with torch.no_grad():
        cpu_result = (
            np.array(timeit.Timer(lambda: model(input_batch)).repeat(repeat=timing_repeat, number=timing_number)) / timing_number
        )
    cpu_result = {"mean": np.mean(cpu_result), "median": np.median(cpu_result), "std": np.std(cpu_result)}
    print("Torch_CPU_Float32: %s" % (cpu_result))
def run_model_gpu(model, input_batch):
    if torch.cuda.is_available():
        model.to('cuda')
        input_batch_gpu = input_batch.to('cuda')
        with torch.no_grad():
            gpu_result = (
                np.array(timeit.Timer(lambda: model(input_batch_gpu)).repeat(repeat=timing_repeat, number=timing_number)) / timing_number
            )
        gpu_result = {"mean": np.mean(gpu_result), "median": np.median(gpu_result), "std": np.std(gpu_result)}
        print("Torch_GPU_Float32: %s" % (gpu_result))
    else:
        print("CUDA Invalid!")
run_model_cpu(model, input_batch)
run_model_gpu(model, input_batch)

• Execution Result：

# CPU
class='n02123045 tabby, tabby cat' with probability=0.476912
class='n02123159 tiger cat' with probability=0.465774
class='n02124075 Egyptian cat' with probability=0.046519
class='n03958227 plastic bag' with probability=0.002096
class='n02971356 carton' with probability=0.000678
# GPU
class='n02123045 tabby, tabby cat' with probability=0.476538
class='n02123159 tiger cat' with probability=0.466136
class='n02124075 Egyptian cat' with probability=0.046531
class='n03958227 plastic bag' with probability=0.002095
class='n02971356 carton' with probability=0.000678
Torch_CPU_Float32: {'mean': 0.021870234759990125, 'median': 0.021858943702391116, 'std': 3.487536414872911e-05}
Torch_GPU_Float32: {'mean': 0.0018875277980696411, 'median': 0.0018826104051549919, 'std': 2.818227506480741e-05}

3.4. TVM

3.4.1. Float32 (cpu, cpu-auto-tune)

• float32

import onnx
from tvm.contrib.download import download_testdata
from PIL import Image
import numpy as np
import tvm.relay as relay
import tvm
from tvm.contrib import graph_executor
onnx_model = onnx.load('resnet50-v2-7.onnx')
img_path = 'kitten.jpg'
# Resize it to 224x224
resized_image = Image.open(img_path).resize((224, 224))
img_data = np.asarray(resized_image).astype("float32")
# Our input image is in HWC layout while ONNX expects CHW input, so convert the array
img_data = np.transpose(img_data, (2, 0, 1))
# Normalize according to the ImageNet input specification
imagenet_mean = np.array([0.485, 0.456, 0.406]).reshape((3, 1, 1))
imagenet_stddev = np.array([0.229, 0.224, 0.225]).reshape((3, 1, 1))
norm_img_data = (img_data / 255 - imagenet_mean) / imagenet_stddev
# Add the batch dimension, as we are expecting 4-dimensional input: NCHW.
img_data = np.expand_dims(norm_img_data, axis=0).astype("float32")
print(img_data.shape)
print(img_data.dtype)
# The input name may vary across model types. You can use a tool
# like Netron to check input names
input_name = "data"
target = "llvm"
shape_dict = {input_name: img_data.shape}
mod, params = relay.frontend.from_onnx(onnx_model, shape_dict)
with tvm.transform.PassContext(opt_level=3):
    lib = relay.build(mod, target=target, params=params)
dev = tvm.device(str(target), 0)
module = graph_executor.GraphModule(lib["default"](dev))
dtype = "float32"
module.set_input(input_name, img_data)
module.run()
output_shape = (1, 1000)
tvm_output = module.get_output(0, tvm.nd.empty(output_shape)).numpy()
from scipy.special import softmax
labels_path = "synset.txt"
with open(labels_path, "r") as f:
    labels = [l.rstrip() for l in f]
# Open the output and read the output tensor
scores = softmax(tvm_output)
scores = np.squeeze(scores)
ranks = np.argsort(scores)[::-1]
for rank in ranks[0:5]:
    print("class='%s' with probability=%f" % (labels[rank], scores[rank]))
import timeit
timing_number = 10
timing_repeat = 10
unoptimized = (
    np.array(timeit.Timer(lambda: module.run()).repeat(repeat=timing_repeat, number=timing_number)) / timing_number
)
unoptimized = {
    "mean": np.mean(unoptimized),
    "median": np.median(unoptimized),
    "std": np.std(unoptimized),
}
import tvm.auto_scheduler as auto_scheduler
from tvm.autotvm.tuner import XGBTuner
from tvm import autotvm
number = 10
repeat = 1
min_repeat_ms = 0  # since we're tuning on a CPU, can be set to 0
timeout = 10  # in seconds
# create a TVM runner
runner = autotvm.LocalRunner(
    number=number,
    repeat=repeat,
    timeout=timeout,
    min_repeat_ms=min_repeat_ms,
    enable_cpu_cache_flush=True,
)
tuning_option = {
    "tuner": "xgb",
    "trials": 20,
    "early_stopping": 100,
    "measure_option": autotvm.measure_option(
        builder=autotvm.LocalBuilder(build_func="default"), runner=runner
    ),
    "tuning_records": "resnet-50-v2-autotuning.json",
}
# begin by extracting the tasks from the onnx model
tasks = autotvm.task.extract_from_program(mod["main"], target=target, params=params)
print(tasks)
# Tune the extracted tasks sequentially.
for i, task in enumerate(tasks):
    prefix = "[Task %2d/%2d] " % (i + 1, len(tasks))
    # choose tuner
    tuner = "xgb"
    # create tuner
    if tuner == "xgb":
        tuner_obj = XGBTuner(task, loss_type="reg")
    elif tuner == "xgb_knob":
        tuner_obj = XGBTuner(task, loss_type="reg", feature_type="knob")
    elif tuner == "xgb_itervar":
        tuner_obj = XGBTuner(task, loss_type="reg", feature_type="itervar")
    elif tuner == "xgb_curve":
        tuner_obj = XGBTuner(task, loss_type="reg", feature_type="curve")
    elif tuner == "xgb_rank":
        tuner_obj = XGBTuner(task, loss_type="rank")
    elif tuner == "xgb_rank_knob":
        tuner_obj = XGBTuner(task, loss_type="rank", feature_type="knob")
    elif tuner == "xgb_rank_itervar":
        tuner_obj = XGBTuner(task, loss_type="rank", feature_type="itervar")
    elif tuner == "xgb_rank_curve":
        tuner_obj = XGBTuner(task, loss_type="rank", feature_type="curve")
    elif tuner == "xgb_rank_binary":
        tuner_obj = XGBTuner(task, loss_type="rank-binary")
    elif tuner == "xgb_rank_binary_knob":
        tuner_obj = XGBTuner(task, loss_type="rank-binary", feature_type="knob")
    elif tuner == "xgb_rank_binary_itervar":
        tuner_obj = XGBTuner(task, loss_type="rank-binary", feature_type="itervar")
    elif tuner == "xgb_rank_binary_curve":
        tuner_obj = XGBTuner(task, loss_type="rank-binary", feature_type="curve")
    elif tuner == "ga":
        tuner_obj = GATuner(task, pop_size=50)
    elif tuner == "random":
        tuner_obj = RandomTuner(task)
    elif tuner == "gridsearch":
        tuner_obj = GridSearchTuner(task)
    else:
        raise ValueError("Invalid tuner: " + tuner)
    tuner_obj.tune(
        n_trial=min(tuning_option["trials"], len(task.config_space)),
        early_stopping=tuning_option["early_stopping"],
        measure_option=tuning_option["measure_option"],
        callbacks=[
            autotvm.callback.progress_bar(tuning_option["trials"], prefix=prefix),
            autotvm.callback.log_to_file(tuning_option["tuning_records"]),
        ],
    )
with autotvm.apply_history_best(tuning_option["tuning_records"]):
    with tvm.transform.PassContext(opt_level=3, config={}):
        lib = relay.build(mod, target=target, params=params)
dev = tvm.device(str(target), 0)
module = graph_executor.GraphModule(lib["default"](dev))
dtype = "float32"
module.set_input(input_name, img_data)
module.run()
output_shape = (1, 1000)
tvm_output = module.get_output(0, tvm.nd.empty(output_shape)).numpy()
scores = softmax(tvm_output)
scores = np.squeeze(scores)
ranks = np.argsort(scores)[::-1]
for rank in ranks[0:5]:
    print("class='%s' with probability=%f" % (labels[rank], scores[rank]))
import timeit
timing_number = 10
timing_repeat = 10
optimized = (
    np.array(timeit.Timer(lambda: module.run()).repeat(repeat=timing_repeat, number=timing_number)) / timing_number
)
optimized = {"mean": np.mean(optimized), "median": np.median(optimized), "std": np.std(optimized)}
print("optimized: %s" % (optimized))
print("unoptimized: %s" % (unoptimized))

• Execute Result：

# No tune
class='n02123045 tabby, tabby cat' with probability=0.621103
class='n02123159 tiger cat' with probability=0.356379
class='n02124075 Egyptian cat' with probability=0.019712
class='n02129604 tiger, Panthera tigris' with probability=0.001215
class='n04040759 radiator' with probability=0.000262
[Task  1/25]  Current/Best:  283.00/ 348.36 GFLOPS | Progress: (20/20) | 8.42 s Done.
[Task  2/25]  Current/Best:   74.32/ 278.44 GFLOPS | Progress: (20/20) | 5.78 s Done.
[Task  3/25]  Current/Best:  116.92/ 337.35 GFLOPS | Progress: (20/20) | 6.30 s Done.
[Task  4/25]  Current/Best:  304.23/ 328.07 GFLOPS | Progress: (20/20) | 7.33 s Done.
[Task  5/25]  Current/Best:  189.33/ 316.91 GFLOPS | Progress: (20/20) | 6.24 s Done.
[Task  6/25]  Current/Best:  221.74/ 314.72 GFLOPS | Progress: (20/20) | 7.33 s Done.
[Task  7/25]  Current/Best:  255.23/ 307.63 GFLOPS | Progress: (20/20) | 6.55 s Done.
[Task  8/25]  Current/Best:   26.67/ 299.85 GFLOPS | Progress: (20/20) | 8.58 s Done.
[Task  9/25]  Current/Best:  174.97/ 347.91 GFLOPS | Progress: (20/20) | 8.16 s Done.
[Task 10/25]  Current/Best:  154.63/ 280.17 GFLOPS | Progress: (20/20) | 6.48 s Done.
[Task 11/25]  Current/Best:  278.62/ 338.75 GFLOPS | Progress: (20/20) | 6.02 s Done.
[Task 12/25]  Current/Best:  224.97/ 308.45 GFLOPS | Progress: (20/20) | 7.64 s Done.
[Task 13/25]  Current/Best:  261.67/ 308.99 GFLOPS | Progress: (20/20) | 6.87 s Done.
[Task 14/25]  Current/Best:   92.82/ 312.59 GFLOPS | Progress: (20/20) | 12.86 s Done.
[Task 15/25]  Current/Best:  214.17/ 325.88 GFLOPS | Progress: (20/20) | 7.92 s Done.
[Task 16/25]  Current/Best:  207.14/ 267.99 GFLOPS | Progress: (20/20) | 6.40 s Done.
[Task 17/25]  Current/Best:  135.56/ 323.36 GFLOPS | Progress: (20/20) | 6.73 s Done.
[Task 18/25]  Current/Best:  199.88/ 292.03 GFLOPS | Progress: (20/20) | 7.68 s Done.
[Task 19/25]  Current/Best:   63.22/ 279.44 GFLOPS | Progress: (20/20) | 7.64 s Done.
[Task 20/25]  Current/Best:   16.96/ 287.96 GFLOPS | Progress: (20/20) | 12.55 s Done.
[Task 21/25]  Current/Best:  121.29/ 333.84 GFLOPS | Progress: (20/20) | 12.13 s Done.
[Task 22/25]  Current/Best:  258.80/ 267.89 GFLOPS | Progress: (20/20) | 6.79 s Done.
[Task 23/25]  Current/Best:  305.98/ 305.98 GFLOPS | Progress: (20/20) | 7.84 s Done.
[Task 25/25]  Current/Best:    0.00/   0.00 GFLOPS | Progress: (0/20) | 0.00 s Done.
[Task 25/25]  Current/Best:   56.92/  78.51 GFLOPS | Progress: (20/20) | 15.41 s Done.
# Tune
class='n02123045 tabby, tabby cat' with probability=0.621104
class='n02123159 tiger cat' with probability=0.356378
class='n02124075 Egyptian cat' with probability=0.019712
class='n02129604 tiger, Panthera tigris' with probability=0.001215
class='n04040759 radiator' with probability=0.000262
TVM_CPU_Float32_Auto_Tune_XGB: {'mean': 0.03430713728850241, 'median': 0.033569534790149194, 'std': 0.004160319905261305}
TVM_CPU_Float32: {'mean': 0.03740469979154296, 'median': 0.03763830485739163, 'std': 0.00046793406370928035}

3.4.2. Float32 (GPU, gpu-Auto-tune)

# just change target from llvm to cuda, use the code above
target = "cuda"
# or
target = "cuda -arch=sm_89" # depends on your platform
# use `nvcc --list-gpu-arch` to check

• Execution Result：

# No tune
class='n02123045 tabby, tabby cat' with probability=0.621104
class='n02123159 tiger cat' with probability=0.356378
class='n02124075 Egyptian cat' with probability=0.019712
class='n02129604 tiger, Panthera tigris' with probability=0.001215
class='n04040759 radiator' with probability=0.000262
# Tune
class='n02123045 tabby, tabby cat' with probability=0.621104
class='n02123159 tiger cat' with probability=0.356378
class='n02124075 Egyptian cat' with probability=0.019712
class='n02129604 tiger, Panthera tigris' with probability=0.001215
class='n04040759 radiator' with probability=0.000262
TVM_GPU_Float32_Auto_Tune_XGB: {'mean': 0.0067301002040039744, 'median': 0.006774019840086112, 'std': 0.00013180002687155013}
TVM_GPU_Float32: {'mean': 0.0018996601785183885, 'median': 0.0019048284900782164, 'std': 1.3217539930054235e-05}

3.4.3 Int8, cpu, tvm默认仅支持int8

import onnx
from tvm.contrib.download import download_testdata
from PIL import Image
import numpy as np
import tvm
from tvm import relay
from tvm.contrib import graph_executor
from scipy.special import softmax
import timeit
onnx_model = onnx.load('resnet50-v2-7.onnx')
img_path = 'kitten.jpg'
resized_image = Image.open(img_path).resize((224, 224))
img_data = np.asarray(resized_image).astype("float32")
img_data = np.transpose(img_data, (2, 0, 1))
imagenet_mean = np.array([0.485, 0.456, 0.406]).reshape((3, 1, 1))
imagenet_stddev = np.array([0.229, 0.224, 0.225]).reshape((3, 1, 1))
norm_img_data = (img_data / 255 - imagenet_mean) / imagenet_stddev
img_data = np.expand_dims(norm_img_data, axis=0).astype("float32")
input_name = "data"
shape_dict = {input_name: img_data.shape}
mod, params = relay.frontend.from_onnx(onnx_model, shape_dict)
calibration_samples = [tvm.nd.array(img_data)]
with tvm.transform.PassContext(opt_level=3):
    with relay.quantize.qconfig(calibrate_mode='global_scale', global_scale=8.0, skip_conv_layers=[]):
        quantized_mod = relay.quantize.quantize(mod, params, dataset=calibration_samples)
target = "llvm"
with tvm.transform.PassContext(opt_level=3):
    lib = relay.build(quantized_mod, target=target, params=params)
dev = tvm.device(str(target), 0)
module = graph_executor.GraphModule(lib["default"](dev))
module.set_input(input_name, img_data)
module.run()
output_shape = (1, 1000)
tvm_output = module.get_output(0, tvm.nd.empty(output_shape)).numpy()
labels_path = "synset.txt"
with open(labels_path, "r") as f:
    labels = [l.rstrip() for l in f]
# Open the output and read the output tensor
scores = softmax(tvm_output)
scores = np.squeeze(scores)
ranks = np.argsort(scores)[::-1]
for rank in ranks[0:5]:
    print("class='%s' with probability=%f" % (labels[rank], scores[rank]))
timing_number = 200
timing_repeat = 10
unoptimized = (
    np.array(timeit.Timer(lambda: module.run()).repeat(repeat=timing_repeat, number=timing_number)) / timing_number
)
unoptimized = {
    "mean": np.mean(unoptimized),
    "median": np.median(unoptimized),
    "std": np.std(unoptimized),
}
print("TVM_CPU_Int8:", unoptimized)

• Execution Result：

One or more operators have not been tuned. Please tune your model for better performance. Use DEBUG logging level to see more details.
class='n02123045 tabby, tabby cat' with probability=0.404191
class='n02123159 tiger cat' with probability=0.210446
class='n02124075 Egyptian cat' with probability=0.179177
class='n03223299 doormat, welcome mat' with probability=0.033031
class='n02127052 lynx, catamount' with probability=0.011398
TVM_CPU_Int8: {'mean': 0.12497943410099835, 'median': 0.1239671477425145, 'std': 0.004604382417633903}

3.4.4. Int8 gpu tvm默认仅支持int8)

target = 'cuda -arch=sm_89'

• Execution Result：

One or more operators have not been tuned. Please tune your model for better performance. Use DEBUG logging level to see more details.
class='n02123045 tabby, tabby cat' with probability=0.404193
class='n02123159 tiger cat' with probability=0.210444
class='n02124075 Egyptian cat' with probability=0.179176
class='n03223299 doormat, welcome mat' with probability=0.033031
class='n02127052 lynx, catamount' with probability=0.011398
TVM_GPU_Int8: {'mean': 0.05043668361147866, 'median': 0.049358997289964464, 'std': 0.002297650553083921}

3.5. TensorRT

3.5.1. Float32_GPU

import tensorrt as trt
import pycuda.driver as cuda
import pycuda.autoinit
import numpy as np
import onnx
import timeit
from PIL import Image
def check_result(output):
    from scipy.special import softmax
    labels_path = "synset.txt"
    with open(labels_path, "r") as f:
        labels = [l.rstrip() for l in f]
    scores = softmax(output)
    scores = np.squeeze(scores)
    ranks = np.argsort(scores)[::-1]
    for rank in ranks[0:5]:
        print("class='%s' with probability=%f" % (labels[rank], scores[rank]))
onnx_file_path = 'resnet50-v2-7.onnx'
# Got an warning omit it
onnx_model = onnx.load(onnx_file_path)
# Add trt logger
TRT_LOGGER = trt.Logger(trt.Logger.WARNING)
runtime = trt.Runtime(TRT_LOGGER)
## Avoid In node -1 (importModel): INVALID_VALUE: Assertion failed: !_importer_ctx.network()->hasImplicitBatchDimension() && "This version of the ONNX parser only supports TensorRT INetworkDefinitions with an explicit batch dimension. Please ensure the network was created using the EXPLICIT_BATCH NetworkDefinitionCreationFlag." Error
explicit_batch = 1 << (int)(trt.NetworkDefinitionCreationFlag.EXPLICIT_BATCH)
with trt.Builder(TRT_LOGGER) as builder, builder.create_network(explicit_batch) as network, trt.OnnxParser(network, TRT_LOGGER) as parser:
    # parser the onnx model
    with open(onnx_file_path, 'rb') as model:
        if not parser.parse(model.read()):
            for error in range(parser.num_errors):
                print("Error {}: {}".format(error, parser.get_error(error)))
        else:
            print("Model parsed successfully")
    # Check the network layers if need
    # for i in range(network.num_layers):
    #    layer = network.get_layer(i)
    #    print(layer.name, layer.get_output(0).shape)
    # config & build the trt  engine, the warning can be omit
    config = builder.create_builder_config()
    config.max_workspace_size = 1 << 30  # 1GB
    engine = builder.build_engine(network, config)
    if engine is None:
        raise RuntimeError("Failed to create the TensorRT engine")
    # save the engine file if need (optinal), it contains the optimized result of the model graph
    engine_file_path = 'resnet50.trt'
    with open(engine_file_path, 'wb') as f:
        f.write(engine.serialize())
    # load engine
    with open(engine_file_path, 'rb') as f:
        engine = runtime.deserialize_cuda_engine(f.read())
    # create context, context is like a handle
    context = engine.create_execution_context()
    img_path = 'kitten.jpg'
    # Resize it to 224x224
    resized_image = Image.open(img_path).resize((224, 224))
    img_data = np.asarray(resized_image).astype("float32")
    # Our input image is in HWC layout while ONNX expects CHW input, so convert the array
    img_data = np.transpose(img_data, (2, 0, 1))
    # Normalize according to the ImageNet input specification
    imagenet_mean = np.array([0.485, 0.456, 0.406]).reshape((3, 1, 1))
    imagenet_stddev = np.array([0.229, 0.224, 0.225]).reshape((3, 1, 1))
    norm_img_data = (img_data / 255 - imagenet_mean) / imagenet_stddev
    # Add the batch dimension, as we are expecting 4-dimensional input: NCHW.
    host_input = np.expand_dims(norm_img_data, axis=0).astype("float32")
    # make sure the numpy is contiguous
    host_input = np.ascontiguousarray(host_input)
    # prepare input
    device_input = cuda.mem_alloc(host_input.nbytes)
    cuda.memcpy_htod(device_input, host_input)
    # prepare output
    output_shape = context.get_binding_shape(1)
    host_output = np.empty(output_shape, dtype=np.float32)
    device_output = cuda.mem_alloc(host_output.nbytes)
    # check the shape
    assert context.all_binding_shapes_specified
    assert context.get_binding_shape(0) == host_input.shape
    # execute
    context.execute_v2(bindings=[int(device_input), int(device_output)])
    cuda.memcpy_dtoh(host_output, device_output)
    check_result(host_output)
    timing_number = 200
    timing_repeat = 10
    gpu_result = (
        np.array(timeit.Timer(lambda: context.execute_v2(bindings=[int(device_input), int(device_output)])).repeat(repeat=timing_repeat, number=timing_number)) / timing_number
    )
    gpu_result = {"mean": np.mean(gpu_result), "median": np.median(gpu_result), "std": np.std(gpu_result)}
    print("Tensorrt_GPU_Float32: %s" % (gpu_result))

• Execution Result:

[05/22/2024-15:26:37] [TRT] [W] onnx2trt_utils.cpp:369: Your ONNX model has been generated with INT64 weights, while TensorRT does not natively support INT64. Attempting to cast down to INT32.
Model parsed successfully
test_tensorrt_resnet50_float32_gpu.py:50: DeprecationWarning: Use set_memory_pool_limit instead.
  config.max_workspace_size = 1 << 30  # 1GB
test_tensorrt_resnet50_float32_gpu.py:51: DeprecationWarning: Use build_serialized_network instead.
  engine = builder.build_engine(network, config)
[05/22/2024-15:26:38] [TRT] [W] TensorRT was linked against cuDNN 8.4.1 but loaded cuDNN 8.4.0
[05/22/2024-15:26:45] [TRT] [W] TensorRT was linked against cuDNN 8.4.1 but loaded cuDNN 8.4.0
[05/22/2024-15:26:45] [TRT] [W] The getMaxBatchSize() function should not be used with an engine built from a network created with NetworkDefinitionCreationFlag::kEXPLICIT_BATCH flag. This function will always return 1.
[05/22/2024-15:26:45] [TRT] [W] The getMaxBatchSize() function should not be used with an engine built from a network created with NetworkDefinitionCreationFlag::kEXPLICIT_BATCH flag. This function will always return 1.
[05/22/2024-15:26:45] [TRT] [W] TensorRT was linked against cuDNN 8.4.1 but loaded cuDNN 8.4.0
[05/22/2024-15:26:45] [TRT] [W] TensorRT was linked against cuDNN 8.4.1 but loaded cuDNN 8.4.0
class='n02123045 tabby, tabby cat' with probability=0.621154
class='n02123159 tiger cat' with probability=0.356326
class='n02124075 Egyptian cat' with probability=0.019713
class='n02129604 tiger, Panthera tigris' with probability=0.001215
class='n04040759 radiator' with probability=0.000262
Tensorrt_GPU_Float32: {'mean': 0.0011052313830005004, 'median': 0.0011054065149801316, 'std': 6.103668141089059e-07}

3.6. Summary